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ANUx: EBM04x Evidence-Based Management Foundations

Foundational Knowledge

For More information see
Statistics: Basics - Source: Kwantlen Polytechnic University
World Bank Open Data
Undata: A world of information

Evidence-Based Management Glossary

"An After Action Review (AAR) is a simple process used by a team to capture the lessons learned from past successes and failures, with the goal of improving future performance. It is an opportunity for a team to reflect on a project, activity, event or task so that they can do better the next time. It can also be employed in the course of a project to learn while doing. AARs should be carried out with an open spirit and no intent to blame. The American Army used the phrase "leave your rank at the door" to optimize learning in this process. Some groups document the review results; others prefer to emphasize the no-blame culture by having no written record." Source: http://www.kstoolkit.org

For More information on After Action Review see
Better Evaluation: Sharing information to improve evaluation - After action review - Source: Better Evaluation
A Leader's Guide to After Action Reviews [PDF] - Source: Department of the Army

For More information on Case-control study see
Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies [PDF] - Source: The BMJ
Case-Control Study vs. Cohort on a Timeline [Image] - Source: Wikipedia
Study Designs in the Health Sciences: Case-Control Study - Source: Hirsh Health Sciences Library

For more information see
What researchers mean by... cohort studies, case control studies and randomized controlled trials - Source: Institute of Work and Health
What is a cohort study in medical research? - Source: Medical News Today
Cohort and case-control studies - Source: Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research

"A theoretical structure of assumptions, principles, and rules that holds together the ideas comprising a broad concept." Source: Business Dictionary

For more information see
Conceptual Framework - Source: Monash University
Conceptual Framework - Source: IFRS Foundation
Qualitative Research Design - Chapter 3: Conceptual Framework [PDF] - Source: Qualitative Research Design

"Confirmatory research (a.k.a. hypothesis testing) is where researchers have a pretty good idea of what's going on. That is, researcher has a theory (or several theories), and the objective is to find out if the theory is supported by the facts." Source: Butler Scientifics

For more information see
Exploratory and Confirmatory Analyses - Source: Koestler Parapsychology Unit Study Registry
Exploratory vs Confirmatory Research - Source: Butler Scientifics
Research Methods Information : Methods/Methodologies - Source: Alfaisal University Library

"Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically assessing the outcome of scientific research (evidence) to judge its trustworthiness, value and relevance in a particular context. Critical appraisal looks at the way a study is conducted and examines factors such as internal validity, generalizability and relevance." Source: CEBMa

For more information see
What is Critical Appraisal - Source: CEBMa
CAT (critically appraised topic) Manager App - critically appraise the trustworthiness of scientific studies - Source: CEBMa
Critical Appraisal Tools - Source: University of South Austrailia: International Centre for Allied Health Evidence
Critical appraisal of a journal article [PDF] - Source: Great Osmond Street Hospital for Children

For more information see
Chapter 8. Case-control and cross sectional studies - Source: The BMJ
Introduction to study designs - cross-sectional studies - Source: Health Knowledge
What researchers mean by... cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies - Source: Insititute for Work and Health

For more information see
Conclusive Reasearch: Descriptive research - Source: Research Methodology
Descriptive research - Source: Brigham Young University: Linguistics and English Language, BYU College of Hummanties
What is Descriptive Research [Youtube Video] - Source: B2B Whiteboard
Descriptive Research Designs [PDF] - Source: Southern Utah University


Source: Macarena Chiriboga


For more information see
Reflecting on the Tensions Between Emic and Etic Perspectives in Life History Research: Lessons Learned - Source: Olive, James L. (2014). Reflecting on the Tensions Between Emic and Etic Perspectives in Life History Research: Lessons Learned [35 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 15(2), Art. 6, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs140268.
4.2 Emic and Etic Concepts - Source: International Baccalaureate Psychology
Using examples, explain emic and etic concepts [Prezi, Presntation] - Source: Macarena Chiriboga
EMICS AND ETICS: The Insider/Outsider Debate - Source: Thomas N. Headland, Senior Anthropology Consultant, Adjunct Professor of Anthropology

"Evidence-based practice is about making decisions through the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of the best available evidence from multiple sources by ….
Asking: Translating a practical issue or problem into an answerable question
Acquiring: Systematically searching and retrieving the evidence
Appraising: Critically judging the trustworthiness and relevance of the evidence
Aggregating: Weighing and and pulling together the evidence
Applying: Incorporating the evidence in the decision-making process
Assessing: Evaluating the outcome of the decision taken
… to increase the likelihood of a favorable outcome."
Source: CEBMa

For more information see
What Is Evidence-Based Management? - Source: CEBMa
Evidence Based Management: The Basic Principles [PDF] - Source: CEBMa
Articles on Evidence-Based Management - Source: CEBMa
Why do we need Evidence-Based Management? - Source: Science for Work



Source: Curtin University Library

For more information see
What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)? - Source: Duke University Medical Center
Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice: About the Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice - Source: Bond University: Centre for Research in Evidence-Based Practice
Evidence-based practice. - Source: Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
Enabling the implementation of evidence based practice: a conceptual framework. - Source: Qual Health Care 1998, Volume 7.

For more information see
Exploratory Research - Source: Research Methodology
Exploratory Research: What is it? And 4 Ways to Implement it in Your Research! - Source: Fluid Surveys University
The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods: Exploratory Research - Source: SAGE Research Methods Website

For more information see
Research Methods Knowledge Base: External Validity - Source: Research Methods Knowledge Base
Research Skills Tutorial: Validity - Source: SUNY Empire State College

Generalisable evidence (see quantatvie research)

For more information see
What is a Scientific Hypothesis? | Definition of Hypothesis - Source: Live Science
Research Methods Knowledge Base: Hypotheses - Source: Research Methods Knowledge Base

Idiosyncratic evidence (see qualitative research)

For more information see
Research Methods Knowledge Base: Internal Validity - Source: Research Methods Knowledge Base
Internal Validity: Definition and Examples - Source: Statistics How To
Internal and External Validity - Source: Boston University School of Public Health

For more information see
Epidemiology for the uninitiated: Chapter 7. Longitudinal studies - Source: Epidemiology for the uninitiated, distributed through the BMJ
What researchers mean by... cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies - Source: Insititute for Work and Health
What Is a Longitudinal Study? - Source: Very Well

Centres for Longitudinal Research
National Centre for Longitudinal Data (Australia)
Center for Longitudinal Studies (UK)

"A subset of systematic reviews; a method for systematically combining pertinent qualitative and quantitative study data from several selected studies to develop a single conclusion that has greater statistical power. This conclusion is statistically stronger than the analysis of any single study, due to increased numbers of subjects, greater diversity among subjects, or accumulated effects and results.

Meta-analysis would be used for the following purposes:

  • To establish statistical significance with studies that have conflicting results
  • To develop a more correct estimate of effect magnitude
  • To provide a more complex analysis of harms, safety data, and benefits
  • To examine subgroups with individual numbers that are not statistically significant

If the individual studies utilized randomized controlled trials (RCT), combining several selected RCT results would be the highest-level of evidence on the evidence hierarchy, followed by systematic reviews, which analyze all available studies on a topic."
Source: Himmelfarb Health Sciences

For more information see
Why perform a meta-analysis? - Source: Meta-analysis.com
Study Design 101: Meta-Analysis - Source: Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library
Meta-analysis in medical research - Source: Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki

For more information see
Metacognition - Source: Venderbilt University: Center For Teaching
Metacognition: An Overview - Source: Jennifer A. Livingston, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo.
Metacognition: The Importance of Learning about Learning - Source: The Knewton Blog
Metacognition: A Literature Review [PDF] - Source: Emily R. Lai, Pearson, 2011.

"A study in which a defined group of people (the cohort) is followed over time, to examine associations between different interventions received and subsequent outcomes. A 'prospective' cohort study recruits participants before any intervention and follows them into the future." Source: The Cochrane Collaboration

For more information see
What is a non-randomised controlled trial? - Source: The BMJ
Non-randomised controlled study (NRS) designs - Source: The Cochrane Collaboration
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: nonrandomized clinical trial - Source: National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health

"Primary research is new research, carried out to answer specific issues or questions. It can involve questionnaires, surveys or interviews with individuals or small groups. Secondary research makes use of information previously researched for other purposes and publicly available." Source: Business Case Studies UK

For more information see
What is Primary Research and How do I get Started? - Source: Purdue OWL
The Difference Between Primary Research and Secondary Research - Source: thebalance.com
Primary market research - Source: The Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Australian Government
Primary Research for New Products/Services - Source: Brock University

For more information see
Qualitative Research: Evaluating Qualitative Research - Source: Bernard Becker Medical Library
Qualitative Research Resources - Source: UNC: Health Service Library
Qualitative and Quantitative Research - Source: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University: Hunt Library
Fundamentals of Qualitative Research Methods: What is Qualitative Research (Module 1) - Source: Yale University
Qualitative Research Methods: A DATA COLLECTOR’S FIELD GUIDE - Source: Family Health International
Using Qualitative Methods in Healthcare Research - Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

For more information see
Overview of Quantitative Research Methods - Source: Center for Research Quality
Qualitative and Quantitative Research - Source: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University: Hunt Library
Get Started with Quantitative Research - Source: NOVA Southeasrtern University
Pew Research Center
Use of Theory Part 1: Quantitive Methods - Source: Nova Southeastern University

For more information see
Using Structured Interviewing Techniques [PDF] - Source: US General Accounting Office
Guidelines for Designing, Analyzing and Reporting Qualitative Research - Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Principles of Questionnaire Construction - Source: Analytic Technologies
Constructing Effective Questionnaires: Chapter 2 | The Process of Questionnaire Construction - Source: Constructing Effective Questionnaires, Peterson, R. A. (2000)

"A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the outcome variable being studied." Source: Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library

For more information see
Understanding controlled trials: Why are randomised controlled trials important? - Source: The BMJ
Randomized Controlled Trial - Source: Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library
Randomized Controlled Trials - Source: EBBP: Evidence Based Behaviour Practice
Randomized Control Trial (RCT) - Source: PubMed Health

For more information see
Rapid Review Protocol - Source: Virginia Commonwealth University - Library Guide

"Secondary research is information and data that has already been collected and analysed by other sources. You can research your market by using information that has already been gathered, such as government statistics and trade publications." Source: Business.gov.au

For more information see
Secondary market research - Source: Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Australian Government
Primary and Secondary Sources - Source: Brock University
Secondary Research - Author: Thuy Linh Do
Market research methods - Source: Queensland Government

"All experimental uncertainty is due to either random errors or systematic errors. Random errors are statistical fluctuations (in either direction) in the measured data due to the precision limitations of the measurement device. Random errors usually result from the experimenter's inability to take the same measurement in exactly the same way to get exact the same number. Systematic errors, by contrast, are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. Systematic errors are often due to a problem which persists throughout the entire experiment." Source: Southeastern Louisiana University

For more information see
Random Error and Systematic Error - Source: Southeastern Louisiana University
Systematic Errors - Source: Catholic Schools Diocese of Maitland-Newcastle

For more information see
Systematic Reviews: What is a systematic review? - Source: Curtain University: Library
About Cochrane Reviews - Source: The Cochrane Library
What are systematic reviews? [Youtube Video] - Source: Cochrane
Systematic Reviews: step-bystep overview [PDF] - Source: Madhukar Pai, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
How to Write a Systematic Review - Source: The WritePass Journal
Systematic Reviews - Source: UNC: Health Service Library

For more information see
Triangulation - Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Methodological Triangulation in Nursing Research - Source: ResearchGate

For more information see
MSBC-611 Research Methods: Evaluating Information - Source: Spalding University Library

For more information see
The Two Systems of Cognitive Processes - Source: The Big Think, Inc.
System 1 vs System 2 Decision Making - Source: Analytics Upfront
How Your Mind Works, with Daniel Kahneman (author of Thinking, Fast and Slow) [Youtube Video] - Source: Farrar Straus & Giroux
Basic principles of systems thinking as applied to management and leadership - Source: The Institute for Systematic Leadership

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