This page will list a number of tables with relevant Material and Mechanical Properties for you to use in your design and calculations. Please let us know via the 'Add Material or Mechanical Properties' - section in the Discussion Board if you feel there are errors or that you would like to see certain data added. We will endeavour to comply with all requests where possible. Note that: \( 1 [\frac{g}{cm^{3}}] = 1000 [\frac {kg}{m^{3}}] \) and \( 1 [Pa] = 1 [\frac{N}{m^{2}}] \).
Table 1: Properties of metals and their alloys
| Metal |
Alloy |
\( E \) |
\( G \) |
\( \sigma_y \) |
\( \sigma_{ult} \) |
\( \sigma_{ult}/\rho \) |
\( \epsilon \) |
\( ν \) |
\( \rho \) |
\( L_{ult} \) |
\( \sqrt[3]{E}/\rho \) |
|
|
[\( GPa \)] |
[\( GPa \)] |
[\( MPa \)] |
[\( MPa \)] |
[\(kN \cdot m/kg \)] |
[\( \% \)] |
[\( - \)] |
[\( g/cm^3 \)] |
[\( km \)] |
[\( 10^6 \cdot mm^{7/3} N^{2/3} \)] |
| Steel |
AISI 301 |
193 |
71 |
965 |
1257 |
159 |
40 |
0.3 |
8.00 |
16.2 |
0.72 |
| AISI 4340 |
205 |
80 |
470 |
745 |
95 |
22 |
0.29 |
7.85 |
|
|
| D6AC |
210 |
84 |
1724 |
1931 |
248 |
7 |
0.21 |
7.87 |
25.0 |
0.76 |
Aluminum
|
AA 2024-T3 |
72 |
27 |
345 |
483 |
174 |
18 |
0.33 |
2.78 |
17.7 |
1.50 |
| AA 7475-T761 |
70
|
27 |
448
|
517 |
184 |
12 |
0.33 |
2.81 |
18.7 |
1.47 |
| Titanium |
Ti6Al-4V (5) |
114 |
44 |
880 |
950 |
214 |
14 |
0.34 |
4.43 |
21.8 |
1.09 |
| Magnesium |
AZ31B-H24 |
45 |
17 |
221 |
290 |
163 |
15 |
0.35 |
1.78 |
16.6 |
2.00 |
Table 2: Properties of various composites
| Material |
Fiber Orientation |
\( E_x \) |
\( E_y \)
|
\( \sigma_{U \> x} \) |
\( \sigma_{U \> y} \)
|
Note |
| \( 0^{\circ} \) |
\( 45^{\circ} \) |
\( 90^{\circ} \) |
[\( kN/mm^2 \)] |
[\( kN/mm^2 \)] |
[\( N/mm^2 \)] |
[\( N/mm^2 \)] |
|
| E-Glass epoxy |
100% |
0% |
0% |
45 |
8 |
1020 |
40 |
Unidirectional |
| 0% |
0% |
100% |
8 |
45 |
40 |
1020 |
Unidirectional |
| 50% |
0% |
50% |
~26 |
~26 |
~530 |
~530 |
Cross-ply |
| 25% |
50% |
25% |
~20 |
~20 |
~325 |
~325 |
Quasi-isotropic |
| High modulus carbon epoxy |
100%
|
0%
|
0%
|
220 |
10 |
760 |
40 |
Unidirectional |
Table 3: Coefficients of thermal expansion for various materials
| Material |
\( \alpha_x \)
|
\( \alpha_y \) |
[\( 1/ ^{\circ} C \)]
|
[\( 1/ ^{\circ} C \)] |
| Titanium Tu-6Al-4V (Grade 5) |
\( 9.2 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
\( 9.2 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
| Aluminum 2024-T3 |
\( 22 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
\( 22 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
| Magnesium AZ31-H24 |
\( 26 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
\( 26 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
| S2-glass epoxy UD-60% |
\( 26.2 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
\( 6.1 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
| Carbon epoxy UD-60% |
\( -0.4 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
\(27 \cdot 10^{-6} \) |
Table 4: Illustration of typical specific material properties (note: \(\gamma = \rho g\))
| Material |
Specific modulus |
Column stability |
Sheet stability |
| \( E/ \gamma \) |
\( \% \) |
\( \sqrt{E}/\gamma \) |
\( \% \) |
\( \sqrt[3] {E} / \gamma \)
|
\( \% \)
|
| Aluminum |
2500 |
108 |
9.5 |
62 |
1.5 |
52 |
| Steel |
2692 |
100 |
5.9 |
100 |
0.8 |
100 |
| Spruce |
2340 |
115 |
22.3 |
26 |
4.7 |
16 |
| Birch |
2538 |
106 |
19.8 |
30 |
3.9 |
19 |
| Bone |
1500 |
179 |
9.0 |
65 |
1.6 |
47 |
| Titanium |
2622 |
103 |
7.8 |
76 |
1.1 |
73 |
| Isotropic carbon composite |
3333 |
81 |
14.9 |
40 |
2.5 |
32 |
| Isotropic E-glass fibre composite |
536 |
50.2 |
4.1 |
116 |
1.1 |
73 |
| Isotropic aramid fibre composite |
1760 |
153 |
11.4 |
52 |
2.1 |
38 |
Table 5: Comparison of composites and aluminum based on relevant strength values
| Material |
Lay-up |
\( E \) |
\( E/ \rho \) |
\( \sigma_{max} \) |
\( \sigma_{max} / \rho \) |
Comment |
|
\( \% 0^{\circ}/ \pm 45^{\circ} / 90^{\circ} \)
|
\( [GPa] \) |
\( [MPa \cdot m^3/kg] \) |
\( [MPa] \) |
\( [MPa \cdot m^3/kg] \) |
|
| CFRP (T800S) |
60 / 30 / 10 |
103 |
64 |
360 |
0.225 |
Tail plane shells |
| CFRP (T800S) |
40 / 50 / 10 |
77 |
48 |
270 |
0.170 |
|
| CFRP ( T800S) |
20 / 70 / 10 |
50 |
31 |
175 |
0.110 |
Fuselage side shell |
| 2xxx Al-alloy |
|
72 |
26 |
440 |
0.160 |
|
| 7xxx Al-alloy |
|
72 |
26 |
565 |
0.205 |
|
| Al-Li alloy |
|
77 |
29 |
515 |
0.195 |
|
Table 6: Comparison of critical cracks lengths of various aerospace alloys
| Alloy |
\( \sigma_{0.2} \) |
\( \sigma_{crit} \) |
\( K_Ic \)
|
\( a_{crit} \) |
|
[\( MPa \) ]
|
[\( MPa \)] |
[\( MPa \sqrt{m} \)]
|
[\( mm \)] |
| 2024-T3 |
360 |
180 |
40 |
15.7 |
| 7075-T6 |
470 |
235 |
27 |
4.2
|
| Ti-6Al-4V |
1020 |
510 |
50 |
3.1 |
| 4340 steel |
1600 |
830 |
58 |
1.55 |
