CornellX: GMO101x The Science and Politics of the GMO

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Week 1

What is a GMO?

• Cornell Alliance for Science. (2016). Cornell Alliance for Science. Retrieved from http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/
• FAQS on GE crops. (2014). A Science-based Look at Genetically Engineered Crops. Retrieved from https://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/2014/06/04/faq-on-ge-crops/
• Genetically engineered crops: Experiences and prospects. (2016). Report in Brief. Retrieved from https://nas-sites.org/ge-crops/2016/05/16/report-in-brief/
• GMO Answers. (2016). GMO Answers. Retrieved from https://gmoanswers.com/
• Harmon, A. (2016). How square watermelons get their shape, and other G.M.O. misconceptions. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/07/12/science/gmo-misconceptions.html
• Institute for Responsible Technology. (2016). IRT: Institute for Responsible Technology. Retrieved from http://responsibletechnology.org/
• International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. (2016). ISAAA: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. Retrieved from http://www.isaaa.org/
• Johnson, N. (2015). It’s practically impossible to define GMO. Grist. Retrieved from http://grist.org/food/mind-bomb-its-practically-impossible-to-define-gmos/
• Kimmel, J. (2014, October 9). What’s a GMO? [YouTube]. Jimmy Kimmel Live. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzEr23XJwFY
• Monsanto. (2015). Monsanto Company. Retrieved from http://www.monsanto.com/pages/default.aspx
• Non GMO Project. (2016). The Non-GMO Project. Retrieved from http://www.nongmoproject.org/
• Organic Consumers Association. (2016). Organic Consumers Association. Retrieved from https://www.organicconsumers.org/
• Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2016). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.wikipedia.org/

From Domestication to DNA

• Baragona, S. (2015). Scientists go to extremes to save food crops’ wild relatives. Voice of America (VOA). Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/a/scientists-go-to-extremes-to-save-food-crops-wild-relatives/2650948.html
• Callis, T. (2013). Papaya: A GMO success story. Hawaii Tribune Herald. Retrieved from http://hawaiitribune-herald.com/sections/news/local-news/papaya-gmo-success-story.html
• Chen, S. (2015). Genetically modified animals will be on your plate in no time. Wired. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2015/07/eating-genetically-modified-animals/
• Guerra, C.L. (2016, July 11). Rosalind Franklin: DNA's unsung hero. [YouTube]. TED-Ed. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIP0lYrdirI
• Jabr, F. (2014). Creating tastier and healthier fruits and veggies with a modern alternative to GMOs. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/creating-tastier-and-healthier-fruits-and-veggies-with-a-modern-alternative-to-gmos/
•  Johnson, N. (2013). Genetic engineering vs. natural breeding: What’s the difference? Grist. Retrieved from https://grist.org/food/genetic-engineering-vs-natural-breeding-whats-the-difference/
• Nova Online and Frontline. (2001). Engineer a crop: Transgenic manipulation. Harvest of Fear. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/transgen.html
• O’Ryan, B. (2016). 10 foods that exist because of ancient genetic engineering. Listverse. Retrieved from http://listverse.com/2016/08/22/10-foods-that-exist-because-of-ancient-genetic-engineering/
• Rincon, P. (2015). Is the world ready for GMO animals? BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-31604233
• Rust in the bread basket. (2010). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/16481593
• Selective breeding. (2001). Harvest of Fear. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/select.html
• Van Eenennaam, A. (2008). Genetically engineered animals: An overview. University of California, Davis.

Emergent and Persistent Problems

• ARCMedia. (2016, February 24). “Water Efficient Maize for Africa by the Agricultural Council of Couth Africa.” [YouTube]. ARCMedia. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkEW2s-rEaY&feature=youtu.be
• Breining, G. (2015). In the race to save species, GMOs are coming to nature. Ensia. Retrieved from http://ensia.com/features/in-the-race-to-save-species-gmos-are-coming-to-nature/
• Cornell Alliance for Science. (2015, March 4). “Fighting banana bacterial wilt in Uganda.” [YouTube]. The Cornell Alliance for Science. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5LXq1o7QxU
• Damude, H.G., & Kinney, A.J. (2008). Enhancing plant seed oils for human nutrition. Plant Physiology, 147(3), 962-968.
• DEAL. (2016). Cornell Alliance for Science. Retrieved from http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/deal
• Dodo, H.W., Konan, K.N., Chen, F.C., Egnin, M., & Viquez, O.M. (2008). Plant Biotechnology Journal, 6(2), 135-145.
• Ehrenberg, R. (2016). GMOs haven’t delivered on their promises—or risks. Scientific News. Retrieved from https://www.sciencenews.org/article/gmos-haven%E2%80%99t-delivered-their-promises-%E2%80%94-or-risks
• Harmon, A. (2013). A race to save the orange by altering its DNA. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/28/science/a-race-to-save-the-orange-by-altering-its-dna.html?pagewanted=all
• Haro von Mogel, K. (2013, May 8). Q&A with Haven Baker on Simplot’s Innate potatoes. [web blog post]. Biology Fortified. Retrieved from https://www.biofortified.org/2013/05/qa-with-haven-baker-innate-potatoes/
• Haspel, T. (2015). The last thing Africa needs to be debating is GMOs. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-last-thing-africa-needs-to-be-debating-is-gmos/2015/05/22/81b76574-fe62-11e4-833c-a2de05b6b2a4_story.html
• Heikkinen, N. (2015). Genetic tweaks reduce pollution from growing rice. Scientific American. Retrieved from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/genetic-tweaks-reduce-pollution-from-growing-rice/
•  Johnson, N. (2016). These vitamin-fortified bananas might get you thinking differently about GMOs. Grist. Retrieved from http://grist.org/science/these-vitamin-fortified-bananas-might-get-you-thinking-differently-about-gmos/
• Klatt, K. (2015, July 21). GManifestO, part 2: Nutrition. [web log post]. Nutrevolve. Retrieved from http://nutrevolve.blogspot.com/2015/07/gmanifesto-part-2-nutrition-specific.html?m=1
• Oldroyd, G. (2015, September 3). Fertilisers, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the future of sub-Saharan Africa. [YouTube]. IntoBiology. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffDnfGn3xZw
• Pollack, A. (2015). Gene-altered apples get U.S. approval. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/14/business/gmo-apples-are-approved-for-growing-in-us.html?_r=1
• Powell, D. (2015). Replacing pesticides with genetics. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/01/science/replacing-pesticides-with-genetics.html?ref=topics
• Smith P., Bustamante, M., Ahammad, H., Clark, H., Dong, H., Elsiddig, E.A., Haberl, H., Harper, R., House, J., Jafari, M., Masera, O., Mbow, C., Ravindranath, N.H., Rice, C.W., Robledo Abad, C., Romanovskaya, A., Sperling, F., Tubiello, F.N. (2014). Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Edenhofer, O., Pichs-Madruga, R., Sokona, Y., Farahani, E., Kadner, S., Seyboth, K., Adler, A., Baum, I., Brunner, S., Eichemeier, B., Friemann, H., Savolainen, S., Schlomer, S., von Stechow, C., Zwickel, T., & Minx, J.C. (eds.) Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Tushemererirew, W., & Dale, J. (2016). The pro-vitamin A banana nutrition study at Iowa State University. Banana 21 News. Retrieved from http://www.banana21.org/news/23-02-2016.html
• Wansink, B., Just, D.R., Hanks, A.S., & Smith, L.E. (2013). Pre-sliced fruit in school cafeterias: children's selection and intake. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(5), pp.477-480.
• WEMA. (2012). African Agricultural Technology Foundation. Retrieved from http://wema.aatf-africa.org/

Week 2

What are the Objections?

• Genetic engineering. (2016, August 15). Friends of the Earth. Retrieved from http://www.foe.org/projects/food-and-technology/genetic-engineering
• Mackenzie, G. (2015, October). Scottish government admits GM ban was not based on science. The Press and Journal. Retrieved from https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/business/farming/724385/undefined-headline-1102/
• Maloney, B, & Campion-Smith, D. (2015). Soylent may be popular, but we don’t know enough about GMOs. Fulcrum Publishing Society. Retrieved from http://thefulcrum.ca/opinions/soylent-may-be-popular-but-we-dont-know-enough-about-gmos/
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Genetically engineered crops: Experiences and prospects. The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/read/23395/chapter/1 (pages 55-56 and 304-310)
• Scotland to protect clean, green status and prohibit GM crops. (2015, September). The Scottish Government: Riaghaltas na h-Alba. Retrieved from the Scottish Government News http://news.scotland.gov.uk/News/GM-crop-ban-1bd2.aspx
• Weighing the GMO arguments: Against. (2003). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/focus/2003/gmo8.htm

Unnatural

• Doucleff, M. (2015, May). Natural GMO? Sweet potato genetically modified 8,000 years ago. NPR. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/05/404198552/natural-gmo-sweet-potato-genetically-modified-8-000-years-ago
• Freidberg, S. (2010). Fresh: A perishable history. Harvard University Press. Retrieved from http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057227
• Haspel, T. (2014). The GMO debate: 5 things to stop arguing. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/the-gmo-debate-5-things-to-stop-arguing/2014/10/27/e82bbc10-5a3e-11e4-b812-38518ae74c67_story.html
• Kamiya-Rose, J. (2016, June 23). Hawaii farmer's daughter. [web log]. Retrieved from https://hawaiifarmersdaughter.com/about/
• Lawrence, F. (2009, May). Review: Fresh by Susanne Freidberg | The garden cottage diaries by Fiona J Houston. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/02/fresh-garden-cottage-diaries
• McWilliams, J. (2010, November 9). GMOs and mother nature: Closer than you think. Freakonomics. [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://freakonomics.com/2010/11/09/gmos-and-mother-nature-closer-than-you-think/
• “Natural” on food labeling: The FDA requests comments on use of the term “natural” on food labeling. (2016, May). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm456090.htm
• Powell, W. Reviving the American forest with the American chestnut: William Powell at TEDxDeExtinction. (2013, April 7). [YouTube]. TEDx Talks. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYHQDLCmgyg
• Shiva, V. (1997). Biopiracy: The plunder of nature and knowledge. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
• Should the F.D.A. regulate the use of “natural” on food products? (2014, November). The Opinion Pages: Room for Debate. Retrieved from The New York Times Online http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/11/10/should-the-fda-regulate-the-use-of-natural-on-food-products-15
• State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. (2016, June). Center for native peoples and the environment. Retrieved from http://www.esf.edu/nativepeoples/

Monsanto

• Cornell Alliance for Science. (2016, June). Database of emerging agricultural learning (DEAL). Retrieved from http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/deal
• Lipton, E. (2015, September). Food industry enlisted academics in G.M.O. lobbying war, emails show. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/06/us/food-industry-enlisted-academics-in-gmo-lobbying-war-emails-show.html?_r=2
• PIPRA. (2016, June). Public intellectual property resource for agriculture. Retrieved from http://www.pipra.org/en/page/Default/index — Globally, the Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture (PIPRA) was initiated by the Rockefeller Foundation — a foundation instrumental in Golden Rice.
• Scharper, S.B., & Cunningham, H. (2006). The genetic commons: Resisting the neo-liberal enclosure of life. Social Analysis: The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice, 50(3), 195-202.
• Stein, H. (2005). Intellectual property and genetically modified seeds: The United States, trade, and the developing world. Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property, 3 (2), 160-178.

Risky

• Druker, S.M. (2015). Altered genes, twisted truth. [Excerpts]. Salt Lake City: UT: Clear River Press.
• Druker, S.M. (2016). How the GE food venture has been chronically dependent on deception: A summary of some unsettling and largely unknown facts. Alliance for Bio-Integrity.
• Hunter, P.R., & Fewtrell, L. (2001). Acceptable risk. In Fewtrell, L., & Bartram, J. (Eds.), Water quality: Guidelines, standards, and health (pp. 207-227). London, UK: IWA Publishing.
• Johnson, N. (2013). Playing the field: Corn likes to sleep around—and that makes it hard to control GMOs. Grist. Retrieved from http://grist.org/food/playing-the-field-corn-likes-to-sleep-around-and-that-makes-it-hard-to-control-gmos/
• Johnson, N. (2013). Promiscuous corn can be made to behave—as long as you don’t expect perfection. Grist. Retrieved from https://grist.org/food/promiscuous-corn-can-be-made-to-behave-as-long-as-you-dont-expect-perfection
• Just, D. (2016, May). Ellsberg Paradox. Cornell University.
• Overbosch, P. (February/March 2013). Food safety management: Hazard—or risk-based? Food Safety Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/magazine-archive1/februarymarch-2013/food-safety-management-hazard-or-risk-based/
• Schulze, W., & Wansink, B. (2012). Toxics, Toyotas, and terrorism: The behavioral economics of fear and stigma. Risk Analysis, 32(4), 678-694.
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453-458.

• Winerip, M. (2013). The death and afterlife of thalidomide. [Video]. New York Times: Retro Report. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/23/booming/the-death-and-afterlife-of-thalidomide.html?_r=0

Week 3

How Science Works

• Bruce, T.J.A., Aradottir, G.I., Smart, L.E., Martin, J.L., Caulfield, J.C., Doherty, A., Sparks, C.A., Woodcock, C.M., Birkett, M.A., Napier, J.A., Jones, H.D., & Pickett, J.A. (2015). The first crop plant genetically engineered to release an insect pheromone for defence. Scientific Reports. 5(11183), 1-9. doi: 10.1038/srep11183
• Cressey, D. (2015). GM wheat that emits pest alarm signals fails in field trials. Nature. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/news/gm-wheat-that-emits-pest-alarm-signals-fails-in-field-trials-1.17854
• deGrasse, T. (2015). What science is—and how and why it works. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/neil-degrasse-tyson/what-science-is-and-how-and-why-it-works_b_8595642.html
• Marshall, C. (2015). UK GM wheat ‘does not repel pests.’ BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33262885
• Scientists disappointed at results from GM wheat field trial. (2015). Rothamsted Research Press Release.
• Success in failure. (2015). Nature. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/news/success-in-failure-1.17855

Scientific Consensus

• A rough guide to spotting bad science. (2015). Compound Interest. Retrieved from http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/04/02/a-rough-guide-to-spotting-bad-science/
• Achenbach, J. (2016). 107 Nobel laureates sign letter blasting Greenpeace over GMOs. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/06/29/more-than-100-nobel-laureates-take-on-greenpeace-over-gmo-stance/
• American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2012). Statement by the AAAS board of directors on labeling of genetically modified foods. American Association for the Advancement of Science.
• Cell Press. (2016). Elsevier Inc. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/
• DeFrancesco, L. (2013). How safe does transgenic food need to be? Nature Biotechnology, 31(9), 794–802.
• European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010). Brussels, Belgium. (2001-2010). doi: 10.2777/97784
• Feedstuffs Food Link article on GMOs and beneficial insects earns A for science. (2014). Academics Review. Retrieved from http://academicsreview.org/2014/02/feedstuffs-food-link-article-on-gmos-and-beneficial-insects-earns-a-for-science/
• Krimsky, S. (2015). An illusory consensus behind GMO health assessment. Science, Technology, & Human Values. 1-32.
• Nature International Journal of Science. (2016). Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html
• Professor Parrott singles out some GMO articles that earn a failing grade. (2016). ParrottLab. Retrieved from http://parrottlab.uga.edu/ProfParrott/Index.html
• Science AAAS. (2016). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/
• Statement: No scientific consensus on GMO safety. (2013). European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.ensser.org/increasing-public-information/no-scientific-consensus-on-gmo-safety/
• The Original Skeptical Raptor. (2015, November 24). Solid GMO scientific consensus – based on real science. [web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/the-solid-gmo-scientific-consensus/
• Waltz, E. (2009). Battlefield. Nature. http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/pdf/461027a.pdf

Transmission

• Critically analyzing information sources: Critical appraisal and analysis. (2016, May). Cornell University Library. Retrieved from http://guides.library.cornell.edu/c.php?g=31866&p=201757
• Driscoll, D.L, & Brizee, A. (2013). Evaluating print vs. internet sources. Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/553/04/
• Evaluating web sites: A checklist. (2014). University of Maryland Libraries. Retrieved from http://www.lib.umd.edu/tl/guides/evaluating-checklist
• Haberman, C. (2014). The head-scratching case of the vanishing bees. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/29/us/the-head-scratching-case-of-the-vanishing-bees.html

The Limits of Science

• Aburawa, A. (2011, August 3). Can GM food be 'halal'? Or kosher? [web blog post]. Green Prophet. Retrieved from http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/08/gm-foods-halal-kosher/
• Bratman, R. (2010, December 1). Why genetically modified foods should not be considered kosher. [web blog post]. Jewcology. Retrieved from http://jewcology.org/2010/12/why-genetically-modified-foods-should-not-be-considered-kosher/
• Freeman, T. (2016). Are genetically modified foods kosher? Ask Moses. Retrieved from http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/277,345/Are-genetically-modified-foods-kosher.html
• Haq, A. (2015, April 29). GMOs: The Islamic perspective. [web log post]. Muslim American. Retrieved from http://muslimamerican.com/news/gmos-the-islamic-perspective/
• Loy, D. (2014). The karma of GMO food. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-loy/the-karma-of-gmo-food_b_5441104.html
• Omobowale, E., Singer, P., & Daar, A. (2009). The three main monotheistic religions and GM food technology: An overview of perspectives. BMC International Health and Human Rights. 9(18), 1-8. DOI: 10.1186/1472-698X-9-18
• Shoot, B. (2009). GMO or no: Problematic intersections of religion, biotechnology, and food. Religion Dispatches. Retrieved from http://religiondispatches.org/gmo-or-no-problematic-intersections-of-religion-biotechnology-and-food/

Week 4

The Papaya Puzzle

• Gonsalves, C., Lee, D., & Gonsalves D. (2004). Transgenic virus-resistant papaya: The Hawaiian 'Rainbow' was rapidly adopted by farmers and is of major importance in Hawaii today. APSnet Features. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2004-0804.
• Harmon, A. (2014). A lonely quest for facts on genetically modified crops. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/us/on-hawaii-a-lonely-quest-for-facts-about-gmos.html?_r=0
• Harmon, A. (n.d.). GMO case study. Cornell Alliance for Science. Retrieved from http://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/gmo-case-study
• Voosen, P. (2011). Crop savior blazes biotech trail, but few scientists or companies are willing to follow. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/09/21/21greenwire-crop-savior-blazes-biotech-trail-but-few-scien-88379.html?pagewanted=all

Forbidden Fruit

• Belluck, P., & Ryzik, M. (2016). Robert De Niro defends screening of anti-vaccine film at Tribeca Festival. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/health/vaccines-autism-robert-de-niro-tribeca-film-festival-andrew-wakefield-vaxxed.html?emc=edit_th_20160326&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=54527245&_r=0
• Bhosale, J. (2014). Genetically-modified brinjal may be the latest Bangla illegal immigrant. The Economic Times. Retrieved from http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/genetically-modified-brinjal-may-be-the-latest-bangla-illegal-immigrant/articleshow/36705788.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
• Choudhary, B., Nasiruddin, K.M., & Gaur, K. (2014). Brief 47: The status of commercialized Bt brinjal in Bangladesh. ISAAA Brief No. 47. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY.
• Cotter, J., & Price, B. (2015, November 12). Contamination from GE crops does happen: Nearly 400 incidents since GE crops were introduced. [web log post]. Greenpeace Making Waves. Retrieved from http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/contamination-from-ge-crops-does-happen-nearl/blog/51319/
• Davidson, S.N. (2008). Forbidden fruit: Transgenic papaya in Thailand. Plant Physiology, 147(2), 487-493.
• Ezezika, O.C., Daar, A.S., Barber, K., Mabeya, J., Thomas, F., Deadman, J., Wang, B., & Singer, P.A. (2012). Factors influencing agbiotech adoption and development in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Biotechnology, 30, 38-40
• Folta, K., & Senapathy, K. (2016, July 23). Indian farmer suicides. [Podcast]. Talking Biotech Podcast. Retrieved from http://www.talkingbiotechpodcast.com/447/
• Folta, K., & Senapathy, K. (2016, July 23). Indian farmer suicides (part 2). [Podcast]. Talking Biotech Podcast. Retrieved from http://www.talkingbiotechpodcast.com/044-indian-farmers-suicides-2-your-questions/
• Greenpeace Press Release. (2004, July 27). GMO papaya scandal in Thailand: Illegal GMO seeds found in packages sold by Department of Agriculture. Greenpeace. Retrieved from http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/press/releases/gmo-papaya-scandal-in-thailand/
• Gruere G., & Sengupta D. (2011). Bt cotton and farmer suicides: An evidence-based assessment. Journal of Development Studies. 47(2), 316–337.
• Hennessy, JR. (2016). Why being against genetically modified food can be as bad as being an anti-vaxxer. SBS. Retrieved from http://www.sbs.com.au/comedy/article/2016/01/07/why-being-against-genetically-modified-food-modified-food-can-be-bad-being-anti
• Herring, R., & Paarlberg, R. (2016). The political economy of biotechnology. Annual Review of Resource Economics. Annual Reviews: Palo Alto, CA.
• Miller, H.I. (2012). The roots of the anti-genetic engineering movement? Follow the money! Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2012/10/22/the-roots-of-the-anti-genetic-engineering-movement-follow-the-money/2/#725019c17cb7
• Miller, H.I., & Kershen, D.L. (2015). Give genetic engineering some breathing room: Government regulations are suffocating applications with great promise. Slate. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2015/02/fda_regulation_of_gmos_give_genetic_engineering_some_breathing_room.html
• Scoones, I. (2008). Mobilizing against GM crops in India, South Africa and Brazil. Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(2 & 3), 315-344.
• Schurman, R., & Munro, W.A. (2010). Fighting for the future of food: Activists versus agribusiness in the struggle over biotechnology. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
• Wade, L. (2015). Argentina may have figured out how to get GMOs right. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2015/10/argentina-may-have-figured-out-how-to-get-gmos-right/

Cascade Effects

• Josling, T. (2015). A review of WTO rules and GMO trade. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Retrieved from http://www.ictsd.org/bridges-news/biores/news/a-review-of-wto-rules-and-gmo-trade
• Lynch, D., & Vogel, D. (2001). The regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A case-study of contemporary European regulatory politics. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from http://www.cfr.org/agricultural-policy/regulation-gmos-europe-united-states-case-study-contemporary-european-regulatory-politics/p8688#
• Naam, R. (2014). Why GMOs matter–especially for the developing world. Grist. Retrieved from http://grist.org/food/why-gmos-do-matter-and-even-more-to-the-developing-world/

Case Study

• Pollack, A. (2016). New weapon to fight Zika: The mosquito. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/business/new-weapon-to-fight-zika-the-mosquito.html?_r=1
• Technology. (2016). Oxitec. Retrieved from http://www.oxitec.com/our-solution/technology/
• The Science. (2016). Oxitec. Retrieved from http://www.oxitec.com/our-solution/technology/the-science/

Week 5

Individual Choice

• Costanigro, M., & Lusk, J.L. (2014). The signaling effect of mandatory labels on genetically engineered food. Food Policy, 49(1), 259-267. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.08.005
• Gallagher, K. (2016, July 12). Pres. Obama: Veto the sham GMO labeling bill! [web blog post]. Vermont Right to Know GMOs. Retrieved from http://www.vtrighttoknowgmos.org/lets-call-pres-obama-veto-sham-gmo-labeling-bill/
• Heiman, A., Just, D.R., & Zilberman, D. (2000). The role of socioeconomic factors and lifestyle variables in attitude and the demand for genetically modified foods. Journal of Agribusiness, 18(3), 249-260.
• Just, D.R. (2014). Testimony of David R. Just, Ph.D. hearing on the societal benefits of agricultural biotechnology. U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Horticulture, Research, Biotechnology, and Foreign Agriculture.
• Lee, W.J., Shimizu, M., Kniffin, K.M., & Wansink, B. (2012). You taste what you see: Do organic labels bias taste perceptions? Food Quality and Preference, (29)1, 33-39.
• 114th Congress of the United States of America. (2016, July 15). S.764: A bill to reauthorize and amend the National Sea Grant College Program Act, and for other purposes. GovTrack. Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s764/text/enr

Miscellaneous

• Ron Herring’s Professors’ Recommendations to Dive Deeper