Endnotes

[1] D. Ornish, “Avoiding Revascularization with lifestyle changes: The Multicenter Lifestyle Demonstration Project,” American Journal of Cardiology (November 26, 1998): 72T–76T. “Ornish lifestyle modification program continues to produce impressive outcomes for CHD,” Healthcare Demand & Disease Management (April 1997): 59–61. D. Ornish, S.E. Brown, L.W. Scherwitz, J.H. Billings, W.T. Armstrong, T.A. Ports, S.M. McLanaham, R.L. Kirkeeide, R.J. Brand, K.L. Gould, “Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial,” Lancet (July 1990): 129–133.

[2] “What do you get for $7,200?” The Washington Post, (July 24, 2001), available from Factiva, http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[3] A Public Conference on the Information Consumers Need to Evaluate Weight Loss Products and Programs, FTC, October 16–17, 1997, http://www3.fte.gov/gov/1998/03/weightlo.rpt.htm, accessed March 2003.

[4] Unilever press release dated April 12, 2000, http://www.unilever.com/news/pressreleases/2000/, accessed March 2003.

[5] “Ornish access expanded,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (February 11, 2003), http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[6] “What do you get for $7,200?” The Washington Post, op. cit.

[7] Ibid.

[8] Author’s personal conversation with Glen Perelson, Lifestyle Advantage, June 2003.

[9] Highmark.com, “Dr. Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease,” http://www.lifestyleadvantage.org/, accessed June 2003.

[10] Author’s personal conversation with Glen Perelson, Lifestyle Advantage, June 2003.

[11] “Interview: Dr. Dean Ornish discusses his diet and lifestyle theory,” CNBC, December 30, 2002, http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[12] D. Ornish, “Avoiding Revascularization with lifestyle changes: The Multicenter Lifestyle Demonstration Project,” American Journal of Cardiology (November 26, 1998): 72T–76T.

[13] “Ornish lifestyle modification program continues to produce impressive outcomes for CHD,” Healthcare Demand & Disease Management (April 1997): 59–61.

[14] Ibid.

[15] A. Snow Landa, “Big insurers getting too big, too powerful, AMA study concludes,” AMANews, December 3, 2001.

[16] Highmark.com, “Dr. Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease,” http://www.lifestyleadvan tage.org/, accessed June 2003.

[17] Amazon.com, http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060959576/qid=1058556508/sr=2-3/ref=sr_2_3/103-0472656-8336612, accessed March 2003.

[18] http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/Diet-and-Lifestyle-Recommendations_UCM_305855_Article.jsp

[19] W.S. Yancy Jr., M.K. Olsen, J.R. Guyton, R.P. Bakst, E.C. Westman, “A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial,” Ann Intern Med, 18:140(10), (May 18, 2004): 769=77.

[20] R. Estruch, E. Ros, J. Salas-Salvado, M. Covas, D. Corella, F. Aros, E. Gomez-Garcia, V. Ruiz-Gutierrez, M. Fiol, J. Laptera, R.M. Lamuela-Raventos, L. Serra-Majem, X. Pinto, J. Basora, M.A. Munoz, J.V. Sorli, J. Martinez, M.A. Martinez-Gonzalez, “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet,” New England Journal of Medicine, April 4, 2013.

[21] D. Ornish, S.E. Brown, L.W Scherwitz, J.H. Billings, W.T Armstrong, T.A Ports, S.M McLanahan, R.L Kirkeeide, R.J. Brand, K.L. Gould, “Can Lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial,” Lancet, July 21, 1990.

[22] D. Ornish, L.W Scherwitz, J.H. Billings, W.T Armstrong, T.A Ports, S.M McLanahan, R.L Kirkeeide, R.J. Brand, K.L. Gould, T.A Merritt, S. Sparler, C. Hogeboom, “Intensive Lifestyle Changes for Reversal of Coronary Heart Disease,” JAMA, December 16, 1998.

[23] Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity 2001, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov /topics/obesity/, accessed March 2003.

[24] AOA Fact Sheet, http://www.obesity.org/subs/fastfacts/obesity_US.shtml, accessed March 2003.

[25] Philippe Froguel and Alexandra I. F. Blakemore, “The Power of the Extreme in Elucidating Obesity,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, no. 9, www.nejm.org, accessed via Harvard University, September 2, 2008.

[26] Ibid., p. 27.

[27] National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2009: With Special Feature on Medical Technology,” Hyattsville, MD. 2010., Table 70, p. 298.

[28] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services press release dated December 13, 2001, http://www.hhs.gov/
news/press/2001.html, accessed March 2003.

[29] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html, accessed December 14, 2009.

[30] S.R. Johnson, “Paying off; Efforts to lower childhood obesity may be working,” Modern Healthcare, vol. 43, no. 32, August 12, 2013.

[31] L.H. Sun, “Obesity rates decline among low-income preschoolers after rising for decades; Drop is first after decades of rising rates, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” The Washington Post, August 27, 2013.

[32] Ibid.

[33] K.A. Heithoff, B.J. Cuffel, S. Kennedy, J. Peters, “The association between body mass and health care expenditures,” Clinical Therapy (July–August 1997): 811–820.

[34] “The health risks of obesity worse than smoking, drinking, or poverty,” http://www.rand.org/congress/ health/0602/obesity/rb4549/, accessed March 2003.

[35] W.N. Burton, C.Y. Chen, A.B. Schultz, D.W. Edington, “The Economic Costs Associated with Body Mass Index in a Workplace,” Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, (September 1998): 786–792.

[36] Unilever press release dated April 12, 2000, http://www.unilever.com/news/pressreleases/2000/, accessed March 2003.

[37] Ibid.

[38] “U.S. market size for over-the-counter meal replacements 2000,” Racher Press, January 2001, available from Onesource Information Services, http://www.onesource.com, accessed June 2003.

[39] “Nestlé plans Slim-Fast fest,” Brandweek, May 17, 1993, http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[40] “Novartis—Optifast A Medical Weight loss Program,” http://164.109.93.52/consumer_home.jsp, accessed June 2003.

[41] E. Rosenthal, “Commercial diets lack proof of their long-term success,” The New York Times, http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[42] “Slim-Fast in the spotlight,” CBSNEWS.com, January 7, 2003, http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/home/
main100.shtml, accessed March 2003.

[43] “Slim-Fast in the spotlight,” op. cit.

[44] C. Passy, “Cranky consumer goes on a diet,” The Wall Street Journal, December 31, 2002, http://www.fa ctiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[45] “U.S. top 12 snack/granola bar manufacturers,” Stagnito Publishing Company, November 1 2002, available from Onesource Information Services, http://www.onesource.com, accessed June 2003.

[46]  “Nutrition and convenience feed growth in meal replacement,” Drug Store News, January 15, 2001, http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[47] Jenny Craig, 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2001, op. cit., p. 1, available from SEC, http://www.sec.gov/
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[48] Ibid., p. 3.

[49] Ibid., pp. F3, 3, 4.

[50] Ibid., pp. 3, 5.

[51] J. Carey, “The Feds may lower the boom on ephedra. The death of a pitcher has a powerful lobby squirming,” BusinessWeek, March 10, 2003, http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[52] Information Resources Inc., January 6, 2003, available from Onesource Information Services, http://www.onesource.com, accessed June 2003.

[53] G. Gugliotta, “Heart association urges federal ban on ephedra,” The Washington Post (April 4, 2003), http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[54] A. Petersen, “As ephedra fades, consumers snap up growing alternatives,” The Wall Street Journal (June 4, 2003), http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[55] Weight Watchers, S-1 dated October 29, 2001, p. 46, available from SEC, http://www.sec.gov/edgar/
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[56] Weight Watchers International 10-K, dated January 3, 2009, ThomsonOne database, accessed December 8, 2009.

[57] R. Barker, “Weight Watchers: A little debt-heavy?” BusinessWeek (December 10, 2001), http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[58] Weight Watchers, S-1 dated October 29, 2001, op. cit., pp. 1–2.

[59] Ibid., p. 38.

[60] Ibid., p. 39.

[61] Adam Gilden Tsai, M.D., and Thomas A. Wadden, M.D., “Systematic Review: An Evaluation of Major Commercial Weight Loss Programs in the United States,” Annals of Internal Medicine, 142:1 (January 4, 2005): 56–66.

[62] AARP.org, popular diets, September 2006.

[63] Author’s personal conversation with Dr. Lee Kaplan, Massachusetts General Hospital, June 2003.

[64] Jaimy Lee, “Walk-in Medical Clinics Are Expanding Into San Diego,” San Diego Business Journal, March 3, 2008, Vol. 29, Issue 9, p. 6, www.factiva.com, accessed December 14, 2009; Lindora company website, http://www.lindora.com/
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[65] Jaimy Lee, “Walk-in Medical Clinics Are Expanding Into San Diego,” San Diego Business Journal, March 3, 2008, Vol. 29, Issue 9, p. 6, www.factiva.com, accessed December 14, 2009.

[66] http://seekingalpha.com/article/223715-arena-pharma-understanding-the-market-for-anti-obesity-drugs, accessed November 15, 2011

[67] Xenical.com, http://www.xenical.com/xen_do_home.asp, accessed June 2003.

[68] M. Krempf, J. Louvet, H. Allanic, T. Miloradovich, J. Joubert, J. Attali, “Weight reduction and long-term maintenance after 18 months treatment with Orlistat for obesity,” Int J Relat Metab Dis (May 2003): 591–597.

[69] B. Vastag, “Experimental drugs take aim at obesity,” op. cit.

[70] Jim Frederick, “Obesity market looks to new drugs for boost,” Drug Store News, January 19, 2009, p. 4, http://www.drugstorenews.com/uploadedFiles/DrugStoreNewscom/Free_PDF/ECRMBranded.pdf, accessed December 14, 2009.

[71] Meridia.com Web site, http://www.meridia.net/, accessed June 2003.

[72] B. Vastag, “Experimental drugs take aim at obesity,” Journal of American Medical Association (April 9, 2003): 1763–1764.

[73] “U.S. Allows Continued Sale,” New York Times, August 15, 2005.

[74] “Some Prescription Diet Drugs Promote Weight Loss,” RAND Health Fact Sheet (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2005).

[75] S. Alt, “Bariatric surgery programs growing quickly nationwide,” Health Care Strategic Management, September 1, 2001.

[76] R. Brolin, “Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity,” Journal of the American Medical Association (December 11, 2002): 2793–2796.

[77] AOA, “Obesity surgery,” http://www.obesity.org/treatment/weight.shtml, accessed March 2003.

[78] The World Gastrointestinal Devices Market, January 2012, Kalorama Information, p. 32. www.marketresearch.com, accessed September 12, 2013.

[79] Pierre-Yves Crémieux, Henry Buchwald, Scott A. Shikora, Arindam Ghosh, Haixia Elaine Yang, and Marric Buessing, “A Study on the Economic Impact of Bariatric Surgery,” American Journal of Managed Care, 2008;14(9):589–596.

[80] Athyros, V. G., Tziomalos, K., Karagiannis, A., Mikhailidis, D. P. Cardiovascular benefits of bariatric surgery in morbidly obese patients, Obesity Reviews, (2011) 12, 515–524.

[81] Lars Sjöström, Anders Gummesson, C David Sjöström, Kristina Narbro, Markku Peltonen, Hans Wedel, Calle Bengtsson, Claude Bouchard, Björn Carlsson, Sven Dahlgren, Peter Jacobson, Kristjan Karason, Jan Karlsson, Bo Larsson, Anna-Karin Lindroos, Hans Lönroth, Ingmar Näslund, Torsten Olbers, Kaj Stenlöf, Jarl Torgerson, Lena M S Carlsson, for the Swedish Obese Subjects Study, Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden (Swedish Obese Subjects Study): a prospective, controlled intervention trial. Lancet Oncology, 2009; 10: 653–62.

[82] David Lautz, Flrencia Halperin, Ann Goebel-Fabbri, Allison Goldfine, The Great Debate: Medicine or Surgery. What is best for the patient with type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Care, Volume 34, March 2011, pp. 763-770.

[83] Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, Halverson RC, Simper SC, Rosamond WD, LaMonte MJ, Stroup AM, and Hunt SC: Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 357: 753–761, 2007.

[84] S. Alt, “Bariatric surgery programs growing quickly nationwide,” op. cit.

[85] Author’s personal conversation with Dr. Lee Kaplan, Massachusetts General Hospital, June 2003.

[86] J. Jacob, C. Jackson, “Weighing options: The business of helping obese patients,” AMA News (May 20, 2002), http://www.ama-assn.org/public/journals/amnews/, accessed June 2003.

[87] J. Piotrowski, “Obesity surgery brings profits: Forest health opens sixth acute-care facility,” Modern Healthcare (March 4, 2002), http://www.factiva.com, accessed June 2003.

[88] Forest Health Services website, http://www.foresthealth.com/, accessed December 14, 2009.

[89] Personal conversation with Dr. George Blackburn, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, July 2003.

[90] S. Alt, “Bariatric surgery programs growing quickly nationwide,” op. cit.

[91] Two–tier plan shifts costs to higher risk individuals,” Business Insurance, October 29, 2009, p.24.

[92] Reuters Health Information press release dated March 5, 2003, http://www.reutershealth.com/ en/index.html, accessed March 2003.

[93] Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity 2001, op. cit.

[94] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services press release dated April 15, 2003, http://www.hhs.gov/
news/press/2003.html, accessed June 2003.

[95] “First Lady Michelle Obama Announces Unprecedented Collaboration to Bring Physical Activity Back to Schools”, White House press releases and documents, February 28, 2013.

[96] E. Finkelstein, I. Fiebelkorn, G. Wang, “National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: How much, and who’s paying,” Health Affairs (May 2003): 219–226.

[97] American Obesity Association, “A Taxpayers Guide on IRS Policy to Deduct Weight Control Treatment,” http://www.obesity.org/subs/tax/taxguide.shtml, accessed March 2003.

[98] Centers for Medicare and Medicaid—Medicare Preventive Services—Medicare Lifestyle Modification Program Demonstration, http://cms.hhs.gov/preventiveservices/3q2.asp, accessed March 2003.

[99] Centers for Medicare and Medicaid—Program Memorandum (B-01-48), August 7, 2001, http://www.cms.hhs.gov/manuals/pm_trans/B0148.pdf, accessed March 2003.

[100] BCBSMA, “About us/Just the Facts,” BCBSMA Web site, http://www.bcbsma. com/common/en_US/
aboutUsIndex.jsp?headerRepId=%2Fcommon%2Fen_US%2Frepositories%2FHeaderButtons%2FaboutUs.xml&levelOneCategory=GENERAL&targetTemplate=titleBody.jsp, accessed March 2003.

[101] BCBSMA, “My well-being/living healthy naturally,” BCBSMA Web site, http://www.bcbsma.com/common/en_US/
myWellbeingIndex.jsp?headerRepId=%2Fcommon%2Fen_US%2Frepositories%2FHeaderButtons%2FmyWellbeing.xml&levelOneCategory=GENERAL&targetTemplate=titleBody.jsp, accessed March 2003.

[102] BCBSMA, Provider Policy #375, Medical Nutrition Therapy, http://www.bcbsma.com/com mon/en_US/
medical_policies/medcat.htm, accessed March 2003.

[103] BCBSMA, Billing Guideline #60, Cardiac & Pulmonary Rehabilitation, http://www.bcbsma.com /common/en_US/
medical_policies/medcat.htm, accessed March 2003.

[104] Roche press release dated February 27, 2002, http://www.roche.com/home/investor/inv-news-updates/inv-news-updates-2002.htm, accessed June 2003.

[105] Ibid.

[106] S. Alt, “Bariatric surgery programs growing quickly nationwide,”op. cit.

[107] Author’s personal conversation with Dr. Jeff Kamil, Blue Cross of California, July 2003.

[108] NCQA, http://www.ncqa.org/programs/hedis/stability00.htm, accessed July 2003.

[109] Johnson & Johnson press release dated January 24, 2002, http://www.jnj.com/news/archive/index.htm, accessed March 2003.

[110] R. Ozminkowski, D. Ling, R. Goetzel, J. Bruno, K. Rutter, F. Isaac, “ The long-term impact of Johnson & Johnson Health & Wellness Program on heath care utilization and expenditures,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (January 2002): 21–29.

[111] “Incentives stabilize health care costs,” Workforce (December 2002): 75–76, http://www.factiva.com, accessed March 2003.

[112] A Public Conference on the Information Consumers Need to Evaluate Weight Loss Products and Programs, op. cit.

[113] Ibid.

[114] Institute of Medicine, “The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining Health in the Nation’s Elderly,” pp. 283–284.

[115] National Institute of Health, Clinical Guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (September 1998): 69.

[116] H.R. 3103, “Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996—Section 702—Prohibiting discrimination against individual participants and beneficiaries based on health status,” http://thomas.loc.gov/, accessed March 2003.

[117] R. Herzlinger, “Let’s put consumers in charge of healthcare,” Harvard Business Review (July 2002): 4–11.

[118] National Institute of Health, Clinical Guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (September 1998), p. 53.

[119] U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/uspstfix.htm, accessed March 2003.

[120] USPSTF—Recommendations and Rationale—Behavioral Counseling in Primary Care to Promote a healthy diet, http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/uspstfix.ht>, accessed March 2003.

[121] K. Yarnall, K. Pollak, T. Ostbye, K. Krause, J. Michener, “Primary care: Is there enough time for prevention?” American Journal of Public Health (April 2003): 635–641.

[122] S. Bowerman, M. Ballman, P. Saltsman, D. Garvey, K. Pimstone, S. Skootsky, H. Wang R. Elashoff, R. Heber, “Implementation of a primary care physician network obesity management program,” Obesity Research (November 2001): 321S–325S.

[123] National Kidney Disease Education Program, “Health Care Providers and Kidney Disease—Literature Review dated May 10, 2002,” http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/health.htm#tools, accessed March 2003.

[124] “The truth about dieting,” Consumer Reports, June 2002, pp. 26–31.

[125] C. Eaton, M. Goodwin, K. Strange, “Direct observation of nutritional counseling in community family practice,” American Journal of Preventative Medicine (October 2002): 174–179.

[126] D. Galuska, J. Will, M. Serdula, E. Ford, “Are health care professionals advising obese patients to lose weight?” Journal of the American Medical Association (October 1999): 1576–1578.

[127] Regina E. Herzlinger, “Note on Accountability in the U.S. Health Care System,” HBS No. 302-007 (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2001).

[128] “Still No Perfect Diet,” U.S. News & World Report, March 19, 2007, p. 59.

[129] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services press release dated December 13, 2001, op. cit.

[130] National Institute of Health, Clinical Guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (September 1998): 23.

[131] E. Calle, C. Rodiguez, K. Walker-Thurmond, M. Thun, “Overweight and obesity and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults,” New England Journal of Medicine (April 2003): 1625-1638.

[132] S. Kenchaiah, J.C. Evans, D. Levy, P.W. Wilson, E.J. Benjamin, M.G. Larson, W.B. Kannel, R.S. Vasan, “Obesity and the risk of heart failure”, New England Journal of Medicine (August 2002): 305-313.

[133] Ibid.

[134] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services press release dated March 27, 2002, http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2002.html, accessed March 2003

[135] Reuters Health Information press release dated February 27, 2003, http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html, accessed March 203.

[136] G. Oster, J. Edelsberg, A.K. O’Sullivan, D. Thompson, “The clinical and economic burden of obesity in a managed care setting,” American Journal of Managed Care (June 2000): 681-689.

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