Time
KEY CONCEPTS
•	Palimpsest
•	Obsolescence
•	Original
•	Preservation
•	Reproduction
•	Simulation
•	Replica
•	Prosthetic Enhancement
•	Ruin
•	Fragment
•	Restoration
•	Purification
•	Recreation
•	Monument
•	Cleaning
•	UNESCO World Heritage List (created in 1972)

KEY PLACES
•	The abbey of Cluny In 1793, its archives were burned and the church plundered in the wake of the French Revolution. The abbey estate was sold in 1798 for 2,140,000 francs. Until 1813, the abbey was used as a stone quarry to build houses in the town.
•	Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church: The church was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1943. It was decided to leave the ruined tower as a memorial to the futility of war, and create a new church around it. The new buildings consist of four structures designed by architect Egon Eiermann. Most prominent are the hexagonal tower and worship room. The new church was consecrated on May 25, 1962.
•	Dresden Frauenkirche, ca. 1740, destroyed 1944 in an allied bombing raid, rebuilt 2005.
•	Erechtheum, Athens, ca. 450 BCE.
•	Nashville Parthenon: built for Tennessee's 1897 Centennial Exposition. The plaster replicas of the Parthenon Marbles found in the Naos are direct casts of the original sculptures which adorned the pediments of the Athenian Parthenon, dating back to 438 B.C. 
•	Knossos Crete, excavated and partially rebuilt by Arthur Evans in the in 1920s
•	Ziggurat of Ur 2100 BCE, partially rebuilt by Saddam Hussein as a national monument in 1980s
•	Elgin Marbles named for Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, who took them from Athens for the British National Museum in London
•	Somnath Temple: A contested Hindu temple, destroyed and rebuilt many times
•	Ani Cathedral: In the year 900 CE, Ani would have been one of West Asia’s
•	largest cities had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople and Baghdad. Ruins  partially removed by Turkish Government
•	Basilica of Saint Mary Magdalen, Vézelay  reconstructed 1840 and 1861 by Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc 
•	Abu Simbel was constructed for the pharaoh Ramesses II who reigned for 67 years during the 13th century BC (19th Dynasty). Rebuilt in its entirety in 1968.