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This chapter was originally published as chapter 2 of The Baby Business: How Money, Science, and Politics Drive the Commerce of Conception, copyright 2006 Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation.

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This content is authorized for use only in the HarvardX course "Bioethics: The Law, Medicine, and Ethics of Reproductive Technologies and Genetics," September/October 2016. Copyright 2016 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the permission of Harvard Business School.